Atomic Theory of Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space is adrop of oil. The number of small drop of oil that can be
matter. For examples, stone, wood, and concrete areseparated from the big drop of oil (from burette) can
matter. Things, such as sound and wave are notbe determined by transferring the oil from the watch
matter. Atomic theory of matter had been announcedglass to the filter paper using sharp tip glass rod. A
that matter consists of fine discrete particles. Thesesmall drop of oil is adhered to the sharp tip and is
fine particles are discrete and existent separatelytransferred to the filter paper. The filter paper is a high
among themselves. These fine particles can exist asoil absorption material. In such a way, it can absorb
atom, molecule or ion.most of the oil, which adheres to the sharp tip glass
Atom is the smallest neutral particles in an element.rod. From the number of small drop oil that has been
Neutral particle is the particle that without any chargetransferred to the filter paper, volume of small drop of
either positive or negative charge. Element is a pureoil can be calculated by dividing the volume of big drop
substance that contains one type of atom only. It alsoof oil from burette to the number of transferring. The
cannot be divided to simpler substances. For ancalculation is as follow:
example, 100% pure iron block contains only ironVolume of the big drop of oil that is dripped from the
atoms.burette has been determined as (y-x) / 50 cm3 in the
Compound is formed by chemical reaction throughpart A.
association or combination of two or more elements.Volume of the small drop of oil that adheres on the
Chemical bond must have been formed among thesharp tip of the glass rod = volume of the big drop of
elements in the compound. If the elements do not formoil on the watch glass divides by the number of
any bond, they are only a mixture. Molecule is a neutraltransferring times. Equation for the calculation is as
particle that is formed through chemical association orfollow:
combination of two or more atoms either similar orVolume of the small drop of oil that adheres on the
different type of atom.sharp tip of the glass rod =
Chlorine is a molecule, which has same type of atom;(y-x)/50n
whereas methane is a molecule, which has differentWhere n = number of transferring times for the small
type of atom. Two chlorine atoms form bond withdrop of oil from the watch glass to the filter paper.
each other; whereas, carbon atom in methane formsPart C: Determination the area of the oil spot on the
four bonds with four hydrogen atoms.surface of the water
Ion is a particle contains either positive or negativeWhen a small drop of oil that adheres on the sharp tip
charge. It forms after the electrons in an atom orof the glass rod is dripped on the surface of the water
molecule have been transferred to other destination orwith a thin layer of lycopodium powder covers on it,
from other destination into the atom or molecule. Duethe oil will push the lycopodium powder to the edge of
to the transferring of electrons inside the atom andthe tray. Diameter of the forming spot can be
molecule, the atom and molecule may be inmeasured using ruler. This value can be used to
unbalanced charge situation. If the atom and moleculecalculate the surface area of the oil spot. The
are in excess of electron, they become negativelycalculation is as follow:
charged. Contrary, if they in an electron deficiencyWe represent oil spot diameter as d cm.
situation, they become positively charge. Anion is theSurface area of the oil spot on the water surface =
term for the atom or molecule that is negativelysurface area of a circle = j2 =  (d
charged; whereas cation is the term for positive2)2 cm2
charge atom and molecule. Examples for the cationPart D: Estimating the size of an oil particle
are Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+,Fe3+ and examples for anionSize of the olive oil particle can be calculated as follow:
are SO42-, NO3-, PO43-, Cl-Thickness of the oil layer is represented as t cm.
Matter consists of fine particles that always moveVolume of oil spot in the form of cylinder = 
randomly. Evidence that can support the matter kinetic(d/2)2 t cm3
theory is the diffusion process. Following is anDue to the volume of the oil spot on the surface of
experiment to estimate the olive oil particle size.water is equal to the volume of a small drop of oil,
Part A: Determination of the volume of a drop of oilwhich is transferred from the watch glass. Therefore,
Fifty drops of olive oil are dripped into the beaker from (d/2)2 t cm3 = V
the burette. Volume for the fifty drops of oil can be=>  (d2/4) t = V
obtained from the burette by deducting the final=> t = (4V/ d2) cm
volume to initial volume of the burette. Volume for oneBy assuming oil spot on the surface of the water
drop of olive oil can be obtained by dividing the volumeconsists of only a layer of particles. So,
of the fifty drops of olive oil with fifty. Calculation of theSize for an oil particle, t = (4V/ d2) cm
volume for one drop of olive oil is as follow:Value that normally obtained is around 10-7 cm. This
Initial volume before dripping 50 drops of oil = x cm3indicated that size for an oil particle is very small.
Final volume after dripping 50 drops of oil = y cm3Besides, precaution steps that need to be taken in
Volume of 50 drops of oil = (y-x) cm3order that the obtained result is more precise and
Volume for one drop of oil = (y-x) / 50 cm3accurate are as follow:
Part B: Determination of the number of small drop of oil(i) Water in the tray must stable before the lycopodium
that can be separated from a drop of oil, which ispowder is scattered on top of it.
dripped from the burette(ii) Layer of the lycopodium powder on the water
A drop of oil, which is dripped from burette, is too bigsurface must as thin as possible and equilibrium.
to drip on the surface of water with a thin layer of(iii) Tray and the water in it must be free from any oil
lycopodium powder covers on it. Therefore, drop of oilstain and dirt that will affect the equilibrium of the oil
from burette has to be separated again to a smallerspot.