| The recent news accounts of cloning and genetic | | | | RIDGE FORMATION |
| engineering of animals sparked some lively but | | | | Fingerprint is the pattern of ridges on the tip of our |
| concerned dialogue. Speculation prompted us to | | | | fingers. It is considered a legitimate proof of evidence |
| consider a number of potential issues and ultimately to | | | | in courts of law all over the world and if is one of the |
| ask the question, "Is it possible that cloning could | | | | most mature biometric technologies. During fetus |
| produce identical fingerprints?" Every one working in | | | | development by the month of seven the fingerprints |
| forensic identification has wondered at sometime | | | | are fully formed. Phenotype is uniquely determined by |
| about the possibility or probability of encountering | | | | the interaction of a specific genotype and specific |
| identical fingerprints. From millions of prints compared | | | | environment. As the skin on the fingertip begins to |
| and examined, they come to a decision that no two | | | | differentiate the general characteristics of the |
| fingerprints from different persons have ever been | | | | fingerprint emerge. During this differentiation process, |
| matched or considered identical. The fingerprint is the | | | | the flow of amniotic fluids around the fetus and its |
| pillar of modern criminal identification. In court, the value | | | | position in the uterus changes. The cells on the fingertip |
| of fingerprint evidence is critical in making a case, for it | | | | grow in a microenvironment. The growth is slightly |
| alone can serve to either prove or disprove identity. It | | | | different from hand to hand and finger to finger. The |
| is the uniqueness and individuality documented by a | | | | differentiation process of cells amplifies the difference. |
| skilled examiner, which allows positive identifications to | | | | The large number of variations during the formation of |
| be made. Biometrics is inherently more reliable than | | | | fingerprints that if would be virtually impossible for two |
| traditional knowledge based password or token-based | | | | finger prints to be alike. The fingerprints will not be |
| (access card) methods of identification : | | | | totally random patterns either, since they differentiated |
| Biometrics - Automatic identification of people based | | | | from the same genes. Fingerprint formation process is |
| on their physical or behavioral characteristics. | | | | a chaotic system rather than a random one. |
| Traditional Methods - Here tokens may be stolen and | | | | Assessing The Identity: |
| passwords may be guessed. But biological | | | | In order to establish whether two prints came from the |
| characteristics cannot be easily misplaced or shared. | | | | same finger or different fingers, it is necessary to |
| This authentication requires the person to be present | | | | capture some invariant representation of the |
| at the point of authentication to provide biometric | | | | fingerprints: |
| measurement. Biometrics determines the degree of | | | | (i) The features, which over a lifetime will continue to |
| "similarity" between the person to be authenticated and | | | | remain, unaltered irrespective of the cuts and bruises. |
| the claimed identity, but the traditional method can | | | | (ii) The orientation of the print with respect to the |
| establish Yes or No only. | | | | medium of the capture. |
| Using an automatic fingerprint biometric system, we | | | | (iii) Occlusion of a small part of the finger, the imagine |
| studied the (dis) similarly between identical twin | | | | technology used to acquire the fingerprint from the |
| fingerprints and compared if to the (dis) similarity | | | | finger or the caustic distortion of the finger during the |
| between two arbitrary fingerprints. We have | | | | acquisition of the print. The first focus of our work is |
| confirmed the claim that the identical twin fingerprints | | | | the fingerprint minutiae information. Also widely used |
| have a large class correlation, i.e., if one of the identical | | | | finger print similarity measurement is based on minute |
| twin's fingerprints is a whorl then it is very likely that the | | | | details, of the ridges. If the relative configuration of |
| other twin's fingerprint will also be of whorl type. We | | | | ridge anomalies of two fingers is similar, then their |
| also analyze the correlation between the fingerprint | | | | minutiae-based similarity is high. Location and densities |
| class and the minutiae matching score between two | | | | of the minute sweat pores have also been found to |
| randomly chosen fingerprints. Finally, we use stipulate | | | | contain information helpful for distinguishing individuals. |
| the implications of the extent of the similarity in identical | | | | Inherited Characteristics: |
| twin fingerprints to the performance of a fingerprint | | | | A number of studies have shown a significant |
| based person verification system. | | | | correlation in the fingerprint class (loop, arch, whorl) of |
| The inputted fingerprint cannot be taken to | | | | identical twin fingers; correlation based on other generic |
| classification procedure, (immediately after the input | | | | attributes of the fingerprint such as ridge count, ridge |
| process) we have to remove the noises in between | | | | width, ridge separation, and ridge depth has also been |
| and/or on the confusion during classification. A | | | | found to be significant in identical twins. In |
| combination of the syntactic approach and the | | | | dermetoglyphics studies the maximum generic |
| sequential decision procedure could be used to | | | | difference between fingerprints has been found |
| develop an automatic fingerprint classifier. Based on | | | | among individuals of different races. Unrelated persons |
| the above-mentioned Henry's classification we have | | | | of the same race have very little generic similarity in |
| eight types of fingerprint. Filtering techniques and the | | | | their fingerprints, parents and child have some generic |
| enhancement algorithm will process the fingerprint | | | | similarity as they share half the genes, siblings have |
| perfectly and make the fingerprint clear, which is now | | | | more similarity and the maximum generic similarity is |
| ready for classification. After this it is ready for | | | | observed in the monozygotic (identical) twins), which is |
| matching between twin-twin and non-twin to twin. For | | | | the closest genetic relationship. |
| this we are using tracing algorithm, which gives the | | | | Monozygotic twins are a consequence of division of a |
| minutiae report for each pair of fingerprints. Based on | | | | single fertilized egg into two embryos. So they have |
| this we can conclude the aimed result that the | | | | exactly identical DNA except for the generally |
| monozygotic twins have more similarity than the | | | | undetectable micro mutations that begin as soon as |
| similarity between twin-non-twin, this can also be | | | | the cell starts dividing. Fingerprints of identical twins |
| proved by ridge count. The twins will have (nearly) | | | | start their development from the same DNA, so they |
| same ridge count. Thus from the final result we have | | | | show considerable generic similarity. Identical twins are |
| to come to a decision about the similarity. | | | | situated in different parts of the womb during |
| Criminology investigations and forensic science labs | | | | development. So each fetus encounters slightly |
| use fingerprint for identification. Commercial applications | | | | different intrauterine forces from their siblings. As a |
| like, welfare disbursement, cellular phone access, | | | | result, fingerprints of identical twins have different micro |
| lap-tap computer login are considering to use fingerprint | | | | details which can be used for identification purposes. It |
| - based verification. This is because | | | | is claimed that a trained expert can usually differentiate |
| (i) Inexpensive and compact solid state scanners | | | | between the fingerprints of identical twins based on |
| (ii) Matching performance is proved | | | | the minutiae similarity. |